Religion Beliefs And Religious Beliefs - 868 Words

Religion beliefs There are a lot of beliefs and religious thoughts that everyone believes in according to their religion. So, the world includes a lot of religions such as Catholic, Islam, Judaism, Taoism, Buddha but the most popular two religions are Islam and Catholic. Religion is a basic thing in a person life. Anyone in the world should follow what his family is following with religion, like my family they are Muslim, So, I should follow what my family is following but I have a friend his family are Jewish but he is Catholic because he read a lot of Catholic books and what is Christianity about and what is the truth about this religion. The general picture of religions is complicated picture, it’s complicated because every religion has its own book and the person who is following religion should be tied to the thoughts and beliefs of this book. I’m from Kuwait, Kuwait is a country in the Middle East and the Middle East is known with Islam. I’m a Muslim and as I said, each per son should follow his family religion but there are some people who read and trust in other religion than their family religion. I followed my family religion but I didn’t understand very well and I was only mimicking my father of what he is doing. I heard a lot of ideas and thoughts about my religion Islam and some of weird ideas they are making and at that time I was very young. They were a lot of stages that faced me when I was growing up in my religion life and they were tough stages and IShow MoreRelatedReligion And Religious Practices And Beliefs3179 Words   |  13 Pagesthe Muslim Faith Name University Course Tutor Date Introduction Discrete religion and religious practices and beliefs have existed in the world and formed the part of discourse in sociological and theological inquiry- universal religions (Kurtz, 2007). Each religious group or faction has its own practices, beliefs and view of the world and this is encapsulated in their liturgy. The way these beliefs, faiths, and practices are juxtaposed forms an important part of theological and sociologicalRead MoreThe Egyptian Religious Beliefs, Buddhism, Islamic, And Religion1296 Words   |  6 Pages Religion is a simple word that is able to branch out into different definitions. Whether beliefs consist of one God or many, religion was a huge aspect of many cultures everyday life. Religion seemed to be held on a higher pedestal back in the early days of religion, however the fact that many of these religions are still present in today’s history is amazing. Many of these religions actually have a good amount of similarities. Ones they each adopted and changed to better fit their beliefs. BetweenRead MoreReligious Beliefs And Practices Common Among Indigenous Religions964 Words   |  4 PagesIn what ways might the various beliefs and practices common among indigenous religions relate to definitions of religion as being that which binds back or re-connects people to an underlying and greater sacred reality? Although western religions have some parallels, indigenous religions are much more interconnected with each other and their sacred reality. After reading this chapter, it is apparent that studies have found there is a greater connection between the people and the earth. WhileRead MoreReligious Beliefs, Traditions, Practices, Customs, And Indian Religions933 Words   |  4 PagesHinduism encompasses a vast sum of traditional religious beliefs, practices, customs, and so on of the Indian people (16). The faith is so deep in tradition, that its roots make it difficult to specifically define the religion. An important theme throughout Hinduism, however, is the understanding of the omnipresence of the divine in every alive being (17). The first way in which Semitic and Indian religions differ in origin is that 1) Semitic religions practice monotheism whereas Indian faiths practiceRead More The Use of Narratives to Express the Religious Beliefs of People in Western Religions1954 Words   |  8 PagesThe Use of Narratives to Express the Religious Beliefs of People in Western Religions For the layman, familiarity with the major religions stems from the stories that are associated with them. Using the narratives that are derived from the sacred texts is the most prominent way in which our society identifies the Western religions. The Jewish tradition is best correlated to stories like the Exodus and the parting of the Red Seas, for example, as are the many tales of the miracles of Jesus connectedRead MoreCommon Practices in Religion Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Common Practices in Religion REL 133 Calvin Habig Keinesha Predium April 20, 2015 What is Religion? The term religion comes from the Latin word ‘religare’ which means to bind. In the world today, there are different forms of religious groups and followings that have unique beliefs and practices depending on their history. It is estimated that there are thousands of religions in the world, including the mainstream religious groups and others that are not known. One of the common characteristicsRead MoreEssay on Religious Relativity1017 Words   |  5 Pagescultural, economic, political and religious backgrounds. The theory of religious relativism requires students to tolerate other people’s religious beliefs and practices, at the same time recognizing their own beliefs and practices as just one system in a world of diverse, yet equally legitimate, religious systems. In todays society we see an array of people practicing, preaching, and learning religion. We find people everyday that recognize their own beliefs to be beliefs and nothing more but we alsoRead MoreO bjective : Define Religion ( Pg )950 Words   |  4 Pages1. Objective – Define Religion (pg. 436) According to the text, religion is a social phenomenon that consists of beliefs about the sacred; the experiences, practices, and rituals that reinforce those beliefs; and the community that shares similar beliefs and practices. Examples of religions are Christianity, Muslim, Buddhism, and many others that are growing in particular countries. Many religions practice their beliefs through prayers and a figure that a certain religious group worships. For exampleRead MoreThe Relationship Between Religion And Science907 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationship between religion and science is indubitably debated. Barbour describes four ways of viewing this relationship (conflict, independence, dialogue--religion explains what science cannot, and integration--religion and science overlap). Gould presents a case in which religion and science are non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA), that the two entities teach different things and therefore do not conflict. The subject of this essay is Worrall , who says that religion and science does conflictRead MoreTaboo: Religion vs. Government Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesRough Draft March 10, 2014 Taboo: Religion vs. Government Church, religion, belief, government? Whenever somebody mentions religion and the government in the same sentence, it seems to be very controversial. The word religion seems to frighten most of society these days, whereas the government and/or politics are discussed frequently. There is a thin line between religion and government. What is religion exactly? How do we as a society view religion differently than we have in the past? The

Cosmetic Industry Analysis - 28098 Words

Introduction Global economy had experienced the worst recession in decades during 2008 till 2009 (Nouriel, 2009). Fear and panic were surrounded among people. During those days, the main headline of newspaper is about share market decreasing, industrial growth decreasing, and overall instability of the economy. Rumors are thick and flying, as a result, it create more fear among people and households about their savings and hard earned income. Most countries are affected by the recession, especially the developed country, United State (US). For example during May 2009, US housing sector had face a declined of sales, which was 79%, much more than from its peak in 2006 (74%) and became lowest in the history (Xinhua, January 21, 2010).†¦show more content†¦From a credit loss of $2.8 trillion in October 2009, US taxpayers alone spend $9.7 trillion in bailout packages and plans. Besides, $14.5 trillion of the value of world’s companies significantly wiped out by the financial crisis (Anup, 2009). 1.2 Implications of the Downturn to Various Economies or Countries Across the World? Around the world, stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed and even governments have to come up with rescue planning to bail out their financial systems (referred Section 1.1, Figure 1). In this section, we are going to compare BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and Asia Four Tiger’s (Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea) economy by presenting their GDP (Gross Domestic Product) real growth rate from year 2007 to 2009. Brazil is a emerging, large and well-developed in agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors country. Brazil macroeconomic can to be said stable and steadily improved before the global financial crisis hit on it during September 2008. However, their consumers and investors are in good confidence with Brazil gradually increasing of GDP growth in the second quarter of 2009. Second, Russia had faced the hardest hit economy downturn by the 2008 to 2009 as oil prices goes up and large sum of foreign credits that made Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. Thirdly, India is a developing open market country, which capitalized on largeShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the cosmetic industry1517 Words   |  5 PagesMid term prà ©cis and analysis of the cosmetic industry Prior to discussing any creative industry, it is crucial that we first define creativity . Creativity refers to the course of producing something original, or in the least, with original elements. Thus, a creative industry refers to economic activities that involve the creation of new, original materials. The cosmetic industry is one of such industries, of which will be analyzed according to Richard Caves economic properties. AccordingRead MoreAnalysis of Cosmetic Industry4526 Words   |  19 Pages[pic] Table of Contents 1. Mission Statement 2 2. Market Research 2 3. Customers’ Needs 4 4. Market Analysis 7 5. SWOT Analysis 9 6. Porter’s 5 Forces Model 10 7. Product – Design and Features 11 8. Benefits 13 9. Technology 15 10. Management 18 11. Marketing Strategy 23 12. Budget 24 13. Limitations 25 14. Long Term Objectives 26 15.Read MoreAnalysis Of Michael Porter s Five Forces Analysis1351 Words   |  6 Pageslonger a phrase of the past, thanks to the cosmetic surgery industry. Injectables such as Botulinum toxin, (aka Botox), Collagen, and Hyaluronic acid are credited with keeping faces wrinkle-free. More invasive procedures, such as Breast Implantation, nose surgery, and the ever popular tummy-tuck, offer enhancements to those body parts the individual is dis-satisfied with (Grundy, 2006). Because of the seemingly instant gratification, the cosmetic surgery industry has witnessed a drastic increase overRead MoreAnalysis of External and Internal Factor1720 Words   |  7 PagesExternal and Internal Environmental Analysis Ferri Zimmer STR/581 April 11, 2011 Dr. Richard Rowlett External and Internal Environmental Factors Analysis Cosmetics industry has been one of the most profitable industries for decades. Women desire for beauty traced back to ancient Egypt, Rome and Greece has led to development of many cosmetic company all over the world . The cosmetic, beauty supply, and perfume store generating $10 billion dollars revenue every year (Hoovers.com) with averageRead MoreCompetitor Analysis : Marketing Planning Process1406 Words   |  6 Pagesto analyse their competitor s strategies. Competitor analysis is a vital part of the marketing planning process. A strong competitor can hinder business success, even lead to business failure. Competitor analysis helps firms to anticipate their competitor s actions and exploit competitor s weaknesses. It also helps firms to identify their firm s unique selling points, so that these can be promoted in marketing campaigns. Competitor analysis is an ongoing task, as successful competitors will continuouslyRead MoreCultural Observation Report About Face Shop1560 Words   |  7 Pagesfavorite Korean cosmetics store, The Face Shop. From outside, the establishment resembles a typical Korean cosmetic retail store. Bright, soft lightings, s pecial sale items by the storefront, shelves on the walls displaying neatly stocked skin care items, makeup stations with a wide selection of colorful makeup products, posters of beautiful Korean celebrities, and young women employees. During my observation, I saw some interesting things that it is not so apparent with American cosmetics retail storesRead MoreTrend Analysis and Recommendations for Amorepacific1366 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct line in the U.S. and expanding to Brazil ______________________________________________________________________________ Since 2008, the economic downturn has slowed down the pace of the development in the cosmetic industry. Amorepacific Corporation, a Korean based cosmetics manufacturer, also earned much lower revenue than expected. I analyzed the changes in industrial trend and developed two recommendations for the company to facilitate its growth strategy in the recession. My recommendationsRead MoreM.A.C Brand Analysis1703 Words   |  7 PagesM.A.C Cosmetics Brand Analysis 1.0 Introduction The cosmetic industry is very competitive industry where product benefits and brand image are keys to success. The purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the brand M.A.C and its product lipstick with focus on T-C-B and I-D-U analysis, a clear positioning statement and target audience (s) including brand loyalty categories. The purpose at the end of this assignment is to have an understanding of what objective M.A.C needs to focus on forRead MoreRevlon Case Study818 Words   |  4 PagesCASE STUDY Revlon Industry Submitted to : Professor Omar Shaoor Submitted by: Muhammad Danish Zuberi Saqib ghafoor Usman 083412 123456 123456 Table of Contents Executive Summary After the thorough investigation and careful analysis of the situation, problem, strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of Revlon, we came to know the different problems which Revlon was facing and which was loosing Revlon efficiency in the industry and competitive position in the market. We found twelveRead MoreThe Relationship Between Cosmetic Usage And Personality Traits1149 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Relationship between Cosmetic Usage and Personality Traits Background and motivation: With the development of our society, people are increasingly paying more attention to their appearances. They tend to make themselves look more appealing through using cosmetics. As being a woman, I use cosmetics almost every day and it makes me feel comfortable and confident, and this is true for most women in the world. Moreover, the Manufacture of cosmetics is a growing market since early 20th

Baroque and Romantic Art Essay Example For Students

Baroque and Romantic Art Essay IDENTIFICATION The artist name is Raphael Gleitsman. He was born in Dayton, OH in 1910 and died in Akron, OH in 1995. The name of the painting is WINTER EVENING, made in 1932. The medium is oil on fiberboard. It measures 39 in. x 44 in. (969.06 cm. x 111.76 cm.). This composition is on display the Akron Art Museum in Akron, OH. DESCRIPTION The picture is of a winter evening in downtown Akron, OH. The foreground consists of snow, people including adults and children, along with a person walking a dog. The foreground also consists of a mail box, automobiles, street cars or trollies, light post and a traffic light. The middle ground is made up of buildings including a drugstore, bowling alley, hat store, dry cleaners, and a Coca Cola lit billboard. The background is made of dark clouds covering 1/3 of the picture. There are also building structures in the background with a sky scraping structure reaching the skyline. There are multiple light sources in this painting. There is a natural light source from the moon which is depicted in the shades and openings in the clouds. In the left middle ground there is a reddish brown color that appears that it could be a sunset. There is also artificial light coming from the street lamp post, the lighting inside the building structures, along with the lighted signs on the outside of the buildings. Artificial light is coming from the automobiles headlights, the street car or trollies interior and headlights as well. The value of the picture is predominately neutral colors of browns, black, white, and gray. The foreground consists of whites and grays to create the snow. Small hints of red are used for a hat, and a shade of red for a coat. The use of green a secondary color along with primary colors of red and yellow are used for the traffic light. There are different shades of brown that is used in the picture to help to create a since of lighting in the middle ground. Broken short and long white lines are used to create the depth and snow on the ledges of the building. Analogous colors of yellow and green are used on the street car or trollies as well. Hints of red and yellow are on the signs for lighting and lettering. The primary color of a shade of yellow is used to create dim lighting in the windows of the building structures to complete the middle ground. DESCRIPTION The background consists of black, white, gray, including a tint and a shade of blue to create the sky. The buildings in the background use tints of gray to show the height of the building and shades of gray and black to create perspective of distance. Small yellow and white brushstrokes are used to create windows and light. Black is also used to show the birds in the center of the background. The sky also has a small section of brown in the lower left corner of the background blending over into the lower right corner as well. The texture created in the foreground is soft and cold due to the snow. There is also softness with dog in the foreground. The automobiles and the street cars or in the foreground are made of metal, which creates a hard smooth texture. The middle ground is made of building structures, and with the color of brown it appears to be brick, which creates a rough bumpy surface. The background has a soft texture created by the clouds using curved lines, and the roughness of the sky scraping building. The birds also help with the soft feeling. .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a , .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a .postImageUrl , .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a , .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a:hover , .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a:visited , .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a:active { border:0!important; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a:active , .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81d994835774d68437fca0a80e12ad6a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Birmingham Museum Of Art: Pompeii Exhibition EssayThe lines of the foreground make the eye travel diagonally from the lower left corner to the upper right corner. The thick straight lines created to illustrate the tracks for the street cars or trollies help with the diagonal direction from lower left to upper right corner. The lines begin to curve and fade creating perspective and distance. When looking at the middle ground the eye moves vertically due to lines of the buildings. The center corner building has a metal structure, which contributes to the movement of the eyes. The background moves the eye horizontally from left to right as well as vertically with the lines of the sky scraper. ANALYSIS There is a repeated pattern of rectangle shapes to create windows throughout the buildings. The rectangles are used in the shape of the building structures, along with the street cars or trollies in the foreground. The use rectangles repeat in the middle ground to create buildings at a distance to the buildings to the left of the center building, as well as the buildings in the background to the right. In the background rectangles are used to create the sky scraper. The use of automobiles, street cars or trollies, and people are used repetitively to create a feeling of crowdedness. The buildings are repeated throughout to create a setting of downtown. There is the usage of the shade of yellow to create artificial light showing the building structures are in usage. Broken lines are repeated to create diagonal movement, and snow on the ledges of the buildings. Signs are repeated throughout to show the building structures to be businesses. ANALYSIS Contrast is created in the foreground with the soft, wet snow and the hard smooth automobiles. The people are wearing coats and appear to be warm which creates contrast with the cold winter evening. There is repetitive contrast created by the automobiles on wheels, and the street cars or trollies on tracks. There are those that are walking and those that are driving or riding. In the middle ground contrast is created with the light in the windows opposed to the dark windows containing no light. The is also the smooth stone on the bottom of the building structure with the upper level that appears to be brick, rough and bumpy located in the left of the foreground. The background has contrast with the softness, and curved lines of the clouds and the straight, smooth, vertical lines of the skyscraper that extends off the canvas. The scale and proportion of the warmer shades of neutral colors in the middle ground overtake the dark tint of the clouds in the background covering 1/3 of the composition. Scale and proportion are also created in the usage of the different shapes of the building structures. There are larger buildings in the foreground with a sky scraper in the background. The balance of the composition is informal. The warm shades of the neutral colors against the white and gray of the foreground creates proportions of space. Space is also created with the middle ground against the darker tints in the background. INTERPERETATION Once known as Big Town, this painting documents Akron’s bustling Main Street in the 1930s. Akron and the rest of the nation was suffering an economic depression, but Gleitsmann created a cheery scene by painting animated figures, chugging street cars and patches of bright yellow light radiating from building interiors. The portrait gives me the feel that Akron, OH downtown was the place to be in the 1930’s. Being from Akron and hearing about the success of the rubber industry in those days I can get a feel of what the city was like in that time frame. The Ohio weather is depicted in the sky with the hints of the brown. It creates the feel of a sunset or warmth on a cold winter evening, and if you are a local you never know what to expect with the weather. The lights, vehicles and traffic of the people make the picture seem that it could be the strip in Las Vegas minus the snow. .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 , .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 .postImageUrl , .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 , .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0:hover , .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0:visited , .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0:active { border:0!important; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0:active , .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0 .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa876366c42f22fe05a3332072e57bf0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Art Of Fear EssayThe picture gives off a feeling of prosperity of downtown Akron. It makes me feel proud of my hometown, and shows me what locals are made of. Akron is always depicted as a hardworking man’s city, but this picture shows the business side of things. The picture almost translates to what is going on downtown Akron at this time with the acquisitions and building that The University of Akron is making. It makes me proud to be an Akronite! JUDGEMENT My judgment of the composition would be that it was a success. The way the artist painted the winter evening in Akron, OH is very accurate. He did a great job of showing the people in the streets shopping in snowy weather with coats, and appearing to be comfortable. The automobiles, and street cars or trollies moving show that even though it was the evening business was still booming. The various business show the diversity of the choices patrons had downtown. The sky scraper in the background along with the dark shaded buildings gave a great perception of depth. I like the painting because it shows Akron, OH my home town booming and thriving. I like the picture, because I can relate to the picture as well as how he used the dark colors to create beauty. The picture shows the beauty of the snow as well as the way the community operates. Seeing the picture makes me want to know what intersection inspired the painting. I think that the picture looks like it may be on the corner of Exch ange and Main.

Managing Diversity Or Work Life Balance Is Important Management Essay Essay Example

Managing Diversity Or Work Life Balance Is Important Management Essay Essay Recently, WLB ( Work-life Balance ) has been in demand for proper solutions on the employee s side. Consequently, WLB has become a really hot subject debated worldwide in council chambers and authorities halls today. It is being focused as one of the most of import issues that human resource professionals are paying attending pull offing it. The importance of pull offing WLB has been increasing over the past 2 decennaries ( De Bruin A ; Dupuis, 2004 ) . The several alterations have occurred in some countries sing to this issue. First of wholly, occupations are more complex and employees are having more force per unit area to accomplish the expected public presentation within the shorter timeframe and fewer resources ( Hosie, Forster A ; Servatos, 2004 ) . Second, the demographic factors of the labor force have affected the alterations of human resource direction, such as gender, ethnicity, double calling twosomes, faith, and multi-generational workplaces. Finally, the nature of emp loyment contract requires the organisations to pull off their employee s public assistance, occupation satisfaction, and stress more efficaciously ( Greenhaus A ; Powell, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Diversity Or Work Life Balance Is Important Management Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Diversity Or Work Life Balance Is Important Management Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Diversity Or Work Life Balance Is Important Management Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Regardless to the above statement, Purcell ( 2002 ) has mentioned that organisational involvement towards WLB direction has originated from grounds that there is an obvious linkage between steadfast public presentation and the manner the house manages people. This implies the chances of holding good WLB direction might be the future beginning of competitory advantage. However, it is non easy to originate the good WLB direction plan as it needs to incorporate employees work efficaciously and understate occupation dissatisfactions or any other struggles ( De Bruin et Al, 2004 ) . To accomplish this, many western organisations have nevertheless adopted a alone set of policies, for case, on-site babys room, resting one-fourth, and fittingness Centre. This provides employees chances to to the full execute their assigned plants, at the same clip, pull off their personal lives efficaciously. The Current Issues Knowing that WLB direction is a important issue for every organisation, there is a considerable statement on the effectivity of WLB policies in conveying snap and extinguishing occupation dissatisfaction in the modern workplace ( Kirrane A ; Buckley, 2004 ) . WLB literature, that has served its theoretical and practical utility, is so identified. Buzzanell et Al, ( 2005 ) has farther suggested that the WLB by and large represents the struggles in functions for married, professional, and managerial adult females. Meanwhile, other demographics are seldom referred by these struggles. Furthermore, most organisations have inability to clearly explicate the interaction of work and non-work functions that impact employees working-life, emphasis and occupation satisfaction, for case. Elloy and Smith ( 2004 ) has stated that because non-working functions of each employee are inherently ill-defined and complicated, administrations are so non capable to understand the proper manner to respond that impacts each person. Spinks ( 2004 ) besides added that administrations, nevertheless, could be unwilling to understand their employees and have alternatively created a one-size-fits-all policy refering that it merely enabled work force to work longer instead than back up their of import non-work functions. However, the inadequacy of current WLB policy has been emphasized by the survey of Kiger ( 2005 ) which revealed that the engagement rate in available WLB plans is really less than 2 % . This really low figure is explained by Dex and Smith ( 2002 ) that there are two major factors taking this low figure. The first is the equality feeling. As legion employees describing that they wish non to be a particular instance inquiring for particular intervention. In add-on to this, the paper of Water et Al ( 2006 ) besides supported that the workplace civilization reduced the willingness of Australian university staff to entree WLB policy options. The 2nd is because the uneffective WLB as it has been originated from one size tantrum all policy. Therefore, it could non present satisfaction to employees and could non be practical in world. Consequently, administrations, that do non analyze more on WLB attack, are increasing issues in attractive force and keeping of employees. The research has found that coevals X and Y have placed higher importance on WLB than old coevalss. They could be attracted and retained longer in the house that provides flexibleness in conformity with single demands. As similar to the paper of Beck et Al ( 2005 ) , it shows an increase of adult females directors who are willing to go forth house and go adviser as it provides them more control on WLB. As a consequence, the WLB literature, otherwise, revealed the restriction of its ability to supply a utile model for both in theoretical and practical strategy ( Hyman et al, 2004 ) . Despite its name, the WLB literature remains refering on work-family border and fails to correctly discover the scope of work and non-roles which affect an person s satisfaction. To suppress these issues, Elloy et Al ( 2003 ) suggests that an effectual conceptualisation of the WLB requires a holistic attack to HR direction, which involves a better consciousness of the worker s day-to-day activities instead than merely concern on their on the job hr. Its design and execution should follow the following four standards. First of wholly, it must take chiefly on the integrating of all human resource activities with the house s vision, ends and strategic planning. This would convey consistence between work force s life context and organisational civilization. Second, the execution of policies must make a set of internal consistence of employment scheme supplying flexibleness, quality, and committedness as a milepost of the WLB s construct. Third, the importance of human resources must be considered every bit good as the demand to prosecute in patterns. Both would reflect the apprehension of the WLB construct. Therefore, human resource attack is indispensable and is the cardinal to the connexion between WLB aim and the success. Finally, the behaviour of the line directors in employees position should be taken into history as it affects the success of WLB s policies, such as acknowledgment by employees that their higher-ups are committed to the accomplishment of a meaningful. In decision, the point, which organisation is capable to back up the accomplishment and benefits associated with it, depends on two major concerns. The method that the WLB has been identified and formalized within human resource scheme and the manner the managerial people react to workforce s petitions for WLB demand sing to single demand. For the formalisation, houses should be worn of the grade to which WLB is being implemented, whether it has been regarded as a right, a right to bespeak, or as a affair of direction judgement. In footings of managerial responses, the organisation is required to do a determination either to implement a difficult human resource scheme or a commitment attack towards the petition for the needful WLB policies. It is the connexion between company s civilization in rites and patterns are modeled by organisational leaders that set the inclination for employees responses to WLB policies. The achievement of a utile WLB policies construct has basically faile d in Australia with the given issues discussed above. The nexus between organisational public presentation and diverseness or work-life balance How diverseness or work-life balance is linked with other Human Resource Management constructs such as preparation and development, public presentation direction and/or enlisting As the effectivity of WLB direction requires the comprehensive acknowledgment from organisation sing the non-work functions which impact employee s working-lives, irrespective whatever has been implemented in WLB in recent old ages, there is still deficient larning theoretical account that could convey existent practical and effectual WLB policies to the organisation in footings of definition and pattern. With the purpose to research the modern-day WLB s boundaries, the organisational function theory position has been picked up to the acceptance. It is suggested that the effectual direction of this stray impact could be done by holding human resource directors audit WLB impact and see it as portion of occupation rating procedure. Interestingly, to province these WLB issues, there are two strategic options affecting in cardinal human resource policies, particularly, in the occupation analysis, occupation design, and public presentation direction procedure. Chiefly, the execution of a WLB impact audit system must be taken as portion of occupation analysis map. Traditionally, the occupation analysis map serves to depict each place within an administration in footings of its assignments, duties, and concatenation of bid. The demand to finish the WLB construct is a concentration on the size of occupation, occupation s strength, and the grade that the work impacts on each single life via interfering communicating system, nomadic phones and e-mail engineering, for case. Despite the fact that the focal point on proficient features has served as a footing for specifying a place facet, it has been less successful in back uping a realistic occupation analysis sing to the occupation s consequence as commended in bing hum an resource literature ( Buda et al, 2003 ) . Therefore, to do the better occupation analysis, the hearing of WLB impact must try to sketch in what manner each occupation s place influences each employee s life and supply constructive footing for apprehension of the place s demands. Precisely, the audit focuses on both present places and new places yet to be filled. Particularly, it is recommended that human resource directors implement a proactive attitude in pull offing their current and prospective work force s outlooks. Therefore, they could finally near their functions in doing effectual WLB direction. Besides, the 2nd strategic option is to absorb the consequences of the WLB impact s audit into the go oning occupation rating map. This would put primary duty for the effectual execution of WLB ( at the single employee degree ) in the custodies of their line director. Line directors would so be better able to discourse the impact of executing the responsibilities on WLB and visa-versa straight with each employee. For this to be given appropriate prominence, the cardinal public presentation index for directors would be their attack and effectivity in back uping the employee s WLB. A cardinal focal point is for administrations to take a strategic attack to taking the barriers and perceived deterrences for employees to take up WLB options ( Waters A ; Bardoel, 2006 ) . At the operational degree, communicating within workgroups and single director s attitudes are affairs for attending. The possible benefit of the Impact Audit is that by leveraging the positional outlooks in the Position Description the administration is able to increase the likeliness that the role-taking and role-consensus premises are being met, in bend cut downing the likeliness of role-conflict. The deductions of a Work-Life Balance Impact Audit are potentially quadruple. First, it offers the administration an chance to better their enlisting value proposition by holding a plan in topographic point to avoid the dysfunctional effects of role-conflict. Second, it allows the administration to gain clip and cost nest eggs by leting possible campaigners to self-select out of the enlisting procedure should they be unwilling to follow the work-roles required of a vacant place. Third, it provides a structured mechanism through its usage in the public presentation direction procedure for the monitoring of the degree of effectivity of WLB execution for single employees. Fourthly, the execution of such an audit requires look intoing the strategic congruity between WLB and corporate scheme, the impact of enacted civilization on the execution of a scope of HR policy countries and obtaining feedback from employees ( and prospective employees ) on the construction and content of WLB and related constabularies. It raises the possibility of increased flexibleness of HR policies to provide for greater diverseness ( more single ) in employee outlooks of workplace flexibleness that is more decently described as life and work instead than the current prevailing focal point on household friendly . Practical ( existent universe ) illustrations During the sixtiess and 1970s, employers considered work-life chiefly an issue for working female parents who struggled with the demands of their occupations and raising kids. Throughout this period and into the mid-1980s, the U. S. authorities had the major impact in the field, as reflected by the Presidential Conference on Families, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, and the Quality of Employment Survey. During the 1980s, acknowledging the value and demands of their adult females subscribers, open uping organisations such as Merck, Deloitte A ; Touche, and IBM began to alter their internal workplace policies, processs, and benefits. The alterations included pregnancy leave, employee aid plans ( EAPs ) , flextime, home-based work, and child-care referral. During the 1980s work forces besides began voicing work-life concerns. By the terminal of the decennary, work-life balance was seen as more than merely a adult females s issue, impacting work forces, households, organisations and civilizations. The 1990s solidified the acknowledgment of work-life balance as a critical issue for everyone adult females, work forces, parents and non-parents, singles, and twosomes. This turning consciousness of the cardinal importance of the issue resulted in major growing in attempted work-life solutions during this decennary. Numerous surveies showed that the coevalss from babe boomers to new college alumnuss were doing occupation picks based on their ain work-life issues and employers civilizations. Unfortunately, although companies were following family-friendly policies, employees and directors were non implementing them. Many of the policies put into topographic point in the eightiess failed to hold a important impact on most directors and employees real-world work-life-balance consequences. Americans still reported experiencing even more overworked and out of touch with their non-work lives much of the clip. During the first old ages of the 21st century, the dissatisfactory consequences made human resource and work-life professionals every bit good as executives at all degrees take stock. Karol Rose, writer of the shortly to be published book Work Life Strategies, remarks on these tendencies in Fortune Magazine s 3rd one-year work-life particular characteristic included in the October 2005 issue. She noted that the Work-Life Leadership Council of the Conference Board, a assemblage of high-ranking corporate HR and work-life professionals, drew these decisions on looking back over the last decennary of attempts. Among their concerns were: aˆ? Work-life concern instances have non achieved their intended consequence.

Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified Essay Example

Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? Essay Question 4 Basing your arguments on the decision of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 and the article by W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305, what is morally wrong with torture? Can it ever be morally justified? If so, when? If not, why not? Torture is not a popular practice amongst any developed society. To some, it is an extremely emotive word, the mere utterance of which brings to mind feelings of disgust and hatred towards those who might even think of employing torture, for whatever purpose. However, perhaps these people are too quick to dismiss torture without really thinking about it. For all that is wrong with torture, there may be justified uses for it. Though such a situation which gives rise to acceptable torture is an extreme rarity, it could be a mistake to simply prohibit the use of torture absolutely. One could regret such a decision when the time comes that torture is not just acceptable, but necessary, for a greater good. This will be considered in much greater depth later on in the essay. To give clarity to the argument, it shall be split into three sections followed by a conclusion. First it will be necessary to define the word ‘torture’. It is a notably broad term so some limits insofar as its use within this essay is concerned will be required. Secondly I will address the question of what is morally wrong with torture. It is hard to deny that nearly everything about torture is morally objectionable. However, as I will attempt to argue in the third part of the essay, there are times when torture could be morally justified. Some examples will be given to help illustrate these situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A short conclusion will follow. Throughout the essay, references will be made to the judgment of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71, W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining’s article ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305 as well as various other sources. Torture is a very ambiguous word. The term can be applied not only to situations where one is intentionally inflicting pain on another, but it can also be used to describe any form of severe pain no matter how it is caused. In order to limit confusion it is essential to narrow down what is meant by ‘torture’ in the context of this essay. Its definition varies from dictionary to dictionary but the general consensus is that is involves the infliction of severe mental or physical pain for reasons of retribution, gratification or coercion. At this stage I wish to point out that in no situation is torture for the purposes of retribution or gratification ever justifiable. Even in the case of the most prolific, horrendous offender, the exercise of torture would not be acceptable merely in pursuance of the ‘eye for an eye’ rationale, or for mere satisfaction. One need only look at human rights legislation and conventions around the world to understand how universal this view is. A distinction is necessary, therefore, between these sorts of torture and torture for the purpose of coercion. Jeremy Bentham defines torture in this sense as ‘where a person is made to suffer any violent pain of body in order to compel him to do something or desist from doing something which done or desisted from the penal application is immediately made to cease’[1]. This is the definition to bear in mind within this essay. Any form of torture which is to be acceptable for this purpose would have to be acute and temporary. If a torture ‘victim’ knows the pain of the torture will last well after its application, he has less of a compulsion to do what is required of him. Most of the controversy on torture lies around torture for coercion, as there are a number of advocates of torture to justify an end, such as Bentham himself, particularly where torture is blatantly the lesser of two evils. This theme shall be returned to once the moral arguments against torture have been considered. As Twining Twining point out in their article â€Å"Bentham on Torture†, ‘the right of the individual not to be subjected to torture seems one of the easiest [fundamental human rights] to argue for philosophically’. General opinions are so hostile towards torture that it has received considerably less consideration by academics and writers than other legal areas of debate. The biggest objection to torture is that it is so liable to abuse and that gradually it will become more acceptable to torture people for lesser crimes. As Lord Hope of Craighead said in A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (above) â€Å"Once torture has become acclimatised in a legal system it spreads like an infectious disease, hardening and brutalising those who have become accustomed to its use. † This is difficult to deny. Once one extreme case results in torture, less and less extreme cases will have similar consequences. Simultaneously torturers will be more willing to use more painful and cruel forms of torture as they become accustomed to inflicting pain. Due to the nature of torture, the suffering inflicted is not at all in proportion to the crime, but to the resolve of the victim. This could lead to a terribly disproportionate amount of pain being exerted onto the victim. This slippery slope argument is particularly common amongst anti-torture advocates because it is true in all walks of life, so an effective argument to the contrary is almost impossible to formulate. For example, just as once machine-gun warfare was considered atrocious, we have since moved on to nuclear warfare, with machine-gun battles seemingly more acceptable and tame in comparison. If we start torturing people for information regarding the whereabouts of bombs or other large-scale threats, how long until it becomes acceptable to torture people for trivial matters such as the names and whereabouts of convicts’ accomplices? Bentham seems to condone the use of torture in order to locate accomplices. While his arguments are noteworthy[2], any evidence obtained through torture regarding accomplices will be as uncertain as a confession obtained through torture, which is something Bentham paradoxically considers to be ‘of no use’. This links in with the second major objection to torture; that it often does not work. People will say anything to stop or prevent torture being asserted against them – lies, half-truths. Much information extracted through torture will take time to verify, and some information will not be verifiable at all (in the case of torture to change peoples’ religious and political views, how does the torturer know if the victim is genuine when he alleges to submit? ). Torturing for information regarding enemy forces has generally proved ineffective; especially because often those who fight are die-hards, and would rather be tortured to death than betray their cause. As Amnesty International put it; â€Å"Can we defeat insurrections, rebels and terrorism by resorting to torture and ill-treatment? The lesson of history is that we can’t. †[3] It is largely for these reasons (although other moral objections to torture are still very significant) that confessions acquired through orture are unreliable, and are now inadmissible in English courts. Lord Hoffman, as well as most of the other judges sitting in the House of Lords for A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, made this abundantly clear: â€Å"Those [tortuous] methods may be such that it would compromise the integrity of the judicial process, dishonour the administration of justice, if the proceedings were to be entertained or the evidence admitted †¦In my opinion the refore, there is a general rule that evidence obtained by torture is inadmissible in judicial proceedings. The judges, clearly very anxious to avoid ‘bring British justice into disrepute’[4], have the full support of Bentham, who correctly observes that if a judge (or jury) is satisfied of a man’s guilt without confession, there is no need to put him to torture to obtain such a confession. If not then that man should not be subjected to torture anyway. Another argument concerns not the victims of torture, but those who would carry it out against them. It is one consequence of torture which is not commonly considered, perhaps because it is difficult to conceive exactly of the effects that torturing other people might have on the torturer. The most effective accounts come from those who have been tortured. A number of sources detail the effects it can have on those who practice torture. In the Twining Twining article is a letter written by George Mangakis, a torture victim: ‘I have seen the torturer’s face at close quarters. It was in a worse condition than my own bleeding, livid face’. Merle L. Pribbenow of the CIA said, about Vietnamese torturers â€Å"if you talk to people who have been tortured, that gives you a pretty good idea not only as to what it does to them, but what it does to the people who do it. One of my main objections to torture is what it does to the guys who actually inflict the torture. It does bad things. † It is certainly a valid argument against torture. There are also some other arguments commonly proposed against torture worth mentioning. The brutal, degrading effects which often come with torture often live long past the infliction of the pain itself, no matter how little a mark it leaves physically. For this reason torture can be said to harm more than it propounds. The physical pain may cease upon compliance, but the mental scars remain, and many people will not feel the same ever again aving endured torture. Much of this comes down to the denial of humanity, and the loss of self-respect which is so often the case with torture. Also, any mistakes made as to the validity of the torture, the identity of the victim, or the ability of the victim to do what is required of him, cannot be undone. This argument is similar to the one put forward against capital pu nishment. There are very compelling arguments against the use of torture. It seems obvious to most that the exercise of acts of torture are well ‘beyond the pale’ in any civilised society. Having considered the objections to torture, all of which are sound and difficult to disagree with, I shall now attempt, with the aid of the writings of Jeremy Bentham and Twining Twining on torture, to present two scenarios where it could be morally condonable to implement the use of torture. I shall also seek to address each of the objections described above, and how in the appropriate situation such arguments against the use of torture seem less compelling. The most common challenge to someone who deals an absolute against torture is to present them with the ‘ticking bomb’ scenario, as described in the Twining Twining article[5]. A devastating explosive device has been placed somewhere in a major city with a timing mechanism attached. X is caught and believed to have information key to disarming the device. Assuming there are no reasonable alternatives, is it morally acceptable here to torture X for this information? One possible objection to the given example is that it is difficult to condone use of torture against someone who has not been proven to have committed a crime. At this point we return to the theme of choosing between two evils: the possibility of torturing an innocent person, and the destruction of a city, killing millions of people. There are a number of factors to be considered before deciding whether or not to employ torture: the potency of the threat, the likelihood of the victim’s guilt, the likelihood of resolving the threat having obtained the information. For example, if the torture victim is known to be guilty, and known to possess the information required, torture would seem much more justified. All this leads me to believe that it would be extremely difficult to condense into a general rule of when torture is acceptable. However, the ircumstances in which torture could be considered are so extreme and so rare that a general rule probably is not necessary. Another example is where an Air Force General, who has sole knowledge of a code to authorise and, once authorised, prevent a nuclear attack on another state, becomes insane and orders his planes to carry out a nuclear strike which would inevitably lead to a nuclear world war. Assuming the planes could not be shot down, the only option left to t hose who wished to stop the attack would be to get the code from the general. In this situation, the guilt is known (even if it is not a crime per se) and the result of not torturing could well be worldwide annihilation. It is hard not to see torture as justifiable in this situation. Both examples are extreme cases, and will hopefully never occur, but nevertheless; they are not impossible and as Twining Twining point out, they are very effective against those who assert that torture can never be justified[6]. At the centre of the current debate on torture is Alan Dershowitz, a prolific legal writer and Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. He argues that torture is sometimes morally acceptable, and that if it is to be used in a ‘ticking bomb’ scenario, it should be authorised legally rather than being carried out behind closed doors with the judiciary turning a blind eye. His first example in his article ‘Is There a Torturous Road to Justice? ’[7] is the typical time bomb scenario, where thousands of lives are at stake. His second is more thought-provoking, as there is only one life at risk (albeit a very young one). Specific situations like these are so rare that, as previously mentioned, a general rule is not necessary and indeed probably not possible. He goes on to suggest the use of ‘torture warrants’ being issued by judges to authorise the use of torture. There are merits to this idea – accountability and legitimacy, to name a couple, but would this be practical in the ticking bomb scenario? If torture was to be employed in the above situations, there would need to be some valid way of authorising it to prevent authorities exploiting any potential power they may have to torture. However, because the examples given are very urgent and require immediate action, the issuing of torture warrants would not be practical. By the time the warrant is issued, the bomb ould be ready to explode, the planes reaching their targets or the baby running out of oxygen. A situation which could require the use of torture would need to be so extreme, and of such urgency that approval would have to come from the highest authority: the Prime Minister. This is similar to the type of ‘One-off’ acts of torture reserved for extreme situations set out by Seumus Miller in his article ‘Is Torture Ever Morally Justifiable? ’[8]. Of course, further consideration into the detail of such an approval mechanism would be required, but generally that is what I believe would be necessary if torture had to be employed. Now that the situations in which torture could arise and be used have been described, it is important to consider the arguments against torture as previously explained, and rebut them. For the first point, that torture would gradually become more commonplace; the ‘ticking bomb’ situation is so rare that it is highly unlikely that any legal system would ever become acclimatised to torture. For the second, it is true that in any situation torture provides no guarantees, but to that it can be said that there are no alternatives. If torture does not make them talk, nothing will. For the third, that the people who torture would be adversely affected, in the ticking bomb scenario torturers would be instilled with the sense that they are doing the right thing and acting for a greater good. Fourthly, torture need not be degrading or involve any loss of self-respect. Pain and compulsion do not necessarily go hand-in-hand with degradation and with today’s technology there could be very effective torture methods which leave self-respect mostly intact. Lastly, mistakes should not be made in the ticking bomb situation. However it is this point which seems hardest to redress. In the first example of a ticking bomb, the authorities may not be so sure of the victim’s guilt. However, as stated before, if they have a strong suspicion that the use of torture could save many lives then that risk may have to be taken. The Prime Minister would be accountable for mistakes and so this acts as a check unto itself. Applying torture without very good reason to an innocent person would almost certainly amount to his resignation. In any case, even if torture is prohibited completely, this would probably just lead to the exertion of illegal torture when the ticking bomb scenario does arise. In my view, the possibility of implementing the use of torture cannot be ruled out absolutely. Although I can think of no general rule to be applied to all cases, there are extreme emergency situations in which the use of torture would seem morally justified. With the correct procedures and restraints, limiting its use to these extreme ticking bomb circumstances, it would be morally acceptable and justifiable to reserve the right to use torture. Word Count (inc. footnotes): 2,938 Bibliography A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 4 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305 â€Å"Is Torture Ever Morally Justifiable? † Seamus Miller, Australian National University, International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19:2 2005 pp. 179-192 â€Å"Is There a Tortuous Road to Justice? † Alan M. Dershowitz, Los Angeles Times November 8 2001 http://web. amnesty. org/pages/stoptorture-arguments-eng Bradley Ewing: â€Å"Constitutional and Administrative Law† 13th Ed. Pearson [1] Bentham Manuscripts, University College London, C: Of Torture [2] Twining and Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 4 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly p. 316-318 [3] http://web. amnesty. org/pages/stoptorture-arguments-eng#question15 [4] Per Lord Brown of Eton-Under-Heywood, para. 165, A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [5] No rthern Ireland Legal Quarterly Vol. 24 346-347 [6] For an idea of the proportion of people who consider torture never to be morally justified, see: http://lawofnations. blogspot. com/2005/12/international-survey-on-torture-and. html [7] http://groups. google. com/group/alt. impeach. bush/msg/814527884aa6c904 [8] International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19:2 2005 pp. 179-192 Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified Essay Example Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? Essay Question 4 Basing your arguments on the decision of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 and the article by W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305, what is morally wrong with torture? Can it ever be morally justified? If so, when? If not, why not? Torture is not a popular practice amongst any developed society. To some, it is an extremely emotive word, the mere utterance of which brings to mind feelings of disgust and hatred towards those who might even think of employing torture, for whatever purpose. However, perhaps these people are too quick to dismiss torture without really thinking about it. For all that is wrong with torture, there may be justified uses for it. Though such a situation which gives rise to acceptable torture is an extreme rarity, it could be a mistake to simply prohibit the use of torture absolutely. One could regret such a decision when the time comes that torture is not just acceptable, but necessary, for a greater good. This will be considered in much greater depth later on in the essay. To give clarity to the argument, it shall be split into three sections followed by a conclusion. First it will be necessary to define the word ‘torture’. It is a notably broad term so some limits insofar as its use within this essay is concerned will be required. Secondly I will address the question of what is morally wrong with torture. It is hard to deny that nearly everything about torture is morally objectionable. However, as I will attempt to argue in the third part of the essay, there are times when torture could be morally justified. Some examples will be given to help illustrate these situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Can Torture Ever Be Morally Justified? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A short conclusion will follow. Throughout the essay, references will be made to the judgment of the House of Lords in A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71, W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining’s article ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 24 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305 as well as various other sources. Torture is a very ambiguous word. The term can be applied not only to situations where one is intentionally inflicting pain on another, but it can also be used to describe any form of severe pain no matter how it is caused. In order to limit confusion it is essential to narrow down what is meant by ‘torture’ in the context of this essay. Its definition varies from dictionary to dictionary but the general consensus is that is involves the infliction of severe mental or physical pain for reasons of retribution, gratification or coercion. At this stage I wish to point out that in no situation is torture for the purposes of retribution or gratification ever justifiable. Even in the case of the most prolific, horrendous offender, the exercise of torture would not be acceptable merely in pursuance of the ‘eye for an eye’ rationale, or for mere satisfaction. One need only look at human rights legislation and conventions around the world to understand how universal this view is. A distinction is necessary, therefore, between these sorts of torture and torture for the purpose of coercion. Jeremy Bentham defines torture in this sense as ‘where a person is made to suffer any violent pain of body in order to compel him to do something or desist from doing something which done or desisted from the penal application is immediately made to cease’[1]. This is the definition to bear in mind within this essay. Any form of torture which is to be acceptable for this purpose would have to be acute and temporary. If a torture ‘victim’ knows the pain of the torture will last well after its application, he has less of a compulsion to do what is required of him. Most of the controversy on torture lies around torture for coercion, as there are a number of advocates of torture to justify an end, such as Bentham himself, particularly where torture is blatantly the lesser of two evils. This theme shall be returned to once the moral arguments against torture have been considered. As Twining Twining point out in their article â€Å"Bentham on Torture†, ‘the right of the individual not to be subjected to torture seems one of the easiest [fundamental human rights] to argue for philosophically’. General opinions are so hostile towards torture that it has received considerably less consideration by academics and writers than other legal areas of debate. The biggest objection to torture is that it is so liable to abuse and that gradually it will become more acceptable to torture people for lesser crimes. As Lord Hope of Craighead said in A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (above) â€Å"Once torture has become acclimatised in a legal system it spreads like an infectious disease, hardening and brutalising those who have become accustomed to its use. † This is difficult to deny. Once one extreme case results in torture, less and less extreme cases will have similar consequences. Simultaneously torturers will be more willing to use more painful and cruel forms of torture as they become accustomed to inflicting pain. Due to the nature of torture, the suffering inflicted is not at all in proportion to the crime, but to the resolve of the victim. This could lead to a terribly disproportionate amount of pain being exerted onto the victim. This slippery slope argument is particularly common amongst anti-torture advocates because it is true in all walks of life, so an effective argument to the contrary is almost impossible to formulate. For example, just as once machine-gun warfare was considered atrocious, we have since moved on to nuclear warfare, with machine-gun battles seemingly more acceptable and tame in comparison. If we start torturing people for information regarding the whereabouts of bombs or other large-scale threats, how long until it becomes acceptable to torture people for trivial matters such as the names and whereabouts of convicts’ accomplices? Bentham seems to condone the use of torture in order to locate accomplices. While his arguments are noteworthy[2], any evidence obtained through torture regarding accomplices will be as uncertain as a confession obtained through torture, which is something Bentham paradoxically considers to be ‘of no use’. This links in with the second major objection to torture; that it often does not work. People will say anything to stop or prevent torture being asserted against them – lies, half-truths. Much information extracted through torture will take time to verify, and some information will not be verifiable at all (in the case of torture to change peoples’ religious and political views, how does the torturer know if the victim is genuine when he alleges to submit? ). Torturing for information regarding enemy forces has generally proved ineffective; especially because often those who fight are die-hards, and would rather be tortured to death than betray their cause. As Amnesty International put it; â€Å"Can we defeat insurrections, rebels and terrorism by resorting to torture and ill-treatment? The lesson of history is that we can’t. †[3] It is largely for these reasons (although other moral objections to torture are still very significant) that confessions acquired through orture are unreliable, and are now inadmissible in English courts. Lord Hoffman, as well as most of the other judges sitting in the House of Lords for A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, made this abundantly clear: â€Å"Those [tortuous] methods may be such that it would compromise the integrity of the judicial process, dishonour the administration of justice, if the proceedings were to be entertained or the evidence admitted †¦In my opinion the refore, there is a general rule that evidence obtained by torture is inadmissible in judicial proceedings. The judges, clearly very anxious to avoid ‘bring British justice into disrepute’[4], have the full support of Bentham, who correctly observes that if a judge (or jury) is satisfied of a man’s guilt without confession, there is no need to put him to torture to obtain such a confession. If not then that man should not be subjected to torture anyway. Another argument concerns not the victims of torture, but those who would carry it out against them. It is one consequence of torture which is not commonly considered, perhaps because it is difficult to conceive exactly of the effects that torturing other people might have on the torturer. The most effective accounts come from those who have been tortured. A number of sources detail the effects it can have on those who practice torture. In the Twining Twining article is a letter written by George Mangakis, a torture victim: ‘I have seen the torturer’s face at close quarters. It was in a worse condition than my own bleeding, livid face’. Merle L. Pribbenow of the CIA said, about Vietnamese torturers â€Å"if you talk to people who have been tortured, that gives you a pretty good idea not only as to what it does to them, but what it does to the people who do it. One of my main objections to torture is what it does to the guys who actually inflict the torture. It does bad things. † It is certainly a valid argument against torture. There are also some other arguments commonly proposed against torture worth mentioning. The brutal, degrading effects which often come with torture often live long past the infliction of the pain itself, no matter how little a mark it leaves physically. For this reason torture can be said to harm more than it propounds. The physical pain may cease upon compliance, but the mental scars remain, and many people will not feel the same ever again aving endured torture. Much of this comes down to the denial of humanity, and the loss of self-respect which is so often the case with torture. Also, any mistakes made as to the validity of the torture, the identity of the victim, or the ability of the victim to do what is required of him, cannot be undone. This argument is similar to the one put forward against capital pu nishment. There are very compelling arguments against the use of torture. It seems obvious to most that the exercise of acts of torture are well ‘beyond the pale’ in any civilised society. Having considered the objections to torture, all of which are sound and difficult to disagree with, I shall now attempt, with the aid of the writings of Jeremy Bentham and Twining Twining on torture, to present two scenarios where it could be morally condonable to implement the use of torture. I shall also seek to address each of the objections described above, and how in the appropriate situation such arguments against the use of torture seem less compelling. The most common challenge to someone who deals an absolute against torture is to present them with the ‘ticking bomb’ scenario, as described in the Twining Twining article[5]. A devastating explosive device has been placed somewhere in a major city with a timing mechanism attached. X is caught and believed to have information key to disarming the device. Assuming there are no reasonable alternatives, is it morally acceptable here to torture X for this information? One possible objection to the given example is that it is difficult to condone use of torture against someone who has not been proven to have committed a crime. At this point we return to the theme of choosing between two evils: the possibility of torturing an innocent person, and the destruction of a city, killing millions of people. There are a number of factors to be considered before deciding whether or not to employ torture: the potency of the threat, the likelihood of the victim’s guilt, the likelihood of resolving the threat having obtained the information. For example, if the torture victim is known to be guilty, and known to possess the information required, torture would seem much more justified. All this leads me to believe that it would be extremely difficult to condense into a general rule of when torture is acceptable. However, the ircumstances in which torture could be considered are so extreme and so rare that a general rule probably is not necessary. Another example is where an Air Force General, who has sole knowledge of a code to authorise and, once authorised, prevent a nuclear attack on another state, becomes insane and orders his planes to carry out a nuclear strike which would inevitably lead to a nuclear world war. Assuming the planes could not be shot down, the only option left to t hose who wished to stop the attack would be to get the code from the general. In this situation, the guilt is known (even if it is not a crime per se) and the result of not torturing could well be worldwide annihilation. It is hard not to see torture as justifiable in this situation. Both examples are extreme cases, and will hopefully never occur, but nevertheless; they are not impossible and as Twining Twining point out, they are very effective against those who assert that torture can never be justified[6]. At the centre of the current debate on torture is Alan Dershowitz, a prolific legal writer and Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. He argues that torture is sometimes morally acceptable, and that if it is to be used in a ‘ticking bomb’ scenario, it should be authorised legally rather than being carried out behind closed doors with the judiciary turning a blind eye. His first example in his article ‘Is There a Torturous Road to Justice? ’[7] is the typical time bomb scenario, where thousands of lives are at stake. His second is more thought-provoking, as there is only one life at risk (albeit a very young one). Specific situations like these are so rare that, as previously mentioned, a general rule is not necessary and indeed probably not possible. He goes on to suggest the use of ‘torture warrants’ being issued by judges to authorise the use of torture. There are merits to this idea – accountability and legitimacy, to name a couple, but would this be practical in the ticking bomb scenario? If torture was to be employed in the above situations, there would need to be some valid way of authorising it to prevent authorities exploiting any potential power they may have to torture. However, because the examples given are very urgent and require immediate action, the issuing of torture warrants would not be practical. By the time the warrant is issued, the bomb ould be ready to explode, the planes reaching their targets or the baby running out of oxygen. A situation which could require the use of torture would need to be so extreme, and of such urgency that approval would have to come from the highest authority: the Prime Minister. This is similar to the type of ‘One-off’ acts of torture reserved for extreme situations set out by Seumus Miller in his article ‘Is Torture Ever Morally Justifiable? ’[8]. Of course, further consideration into the detail of such an approval mechanism would be required, but generally that is what I believe would be necessary if torture had to be employed. Now that the situations in which torture could arise and be used have been described, it is important to consider the arguments against torture as previously explained, and rebut them. For the first point, that torture would gradually become more commonplace; the ‘ticking bomb’ situation is so rare that it is highly unlikely that any legal system would ever become acclimatised to torture. For the second, it is true that in any situation torture provides no guarantees, but to that it can be said that there are no alternatives. If torture does not make them talk, nothing will. For the third, that the people who torture would be adversely affected, in the ticking bomb scenario torturers would be instilled with the sense that they are doing the right thing and acting for a greater good. Fourthly, torture need not be degrading or involve any loss of self-respect. Pain and compulsion do not necessarily go hand-in-hand with degradation and with today’s technology there could be very effective torture methods which leave self-respect mostly intact. Lastly, mistakes should not be made in the ticking bomb situation. However it is this point which seems hardest to redress. In the first example of a ticking bomb, the authorities may not be so sure of the victim’s guilt. However, as stated before, if they have a strong suspicion that the use of torture could save many lives then that risk may have to be taken. The Prime Minister would be accountable for mistakes and so this acts as a check unto itself. Applying torture without very good reason to an innocent person would almost certainly amount to his resignation. In any case, even if torture is prohibited completely, this would probably just lead to the exertion of illegal torture when the ticking bomb scenario does arise. In my view, the possibility of implementing the use of torture cannot be ruled out absolutely. Although I can think of no general rule to be applied to all cases, there are extreme emergency situations in which the use of torture would seem morally justified. With the correct procedures and restraints, limiting its use to these extreme ticking bomb circumstances, it would be morally acceptable and justifiable to reserve the right to use torture. Word Count (inc. footnotes): 2,938 Bibliography A(FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 W. L. Twining and P. E. Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 4 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 305 â€Å"Is Torture Ever Morally Justifiable? † Seamus Miller, Australian National University, International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19:2 2005 pp. 179-192 â€Å"Is There a Tortuous Road to Justice? † Alan M. Dershowitz, Los Angeles Times November 8 2001 http://web. amnesty. org/pages/stoptorture-arguments-eng Bradley Ewing: â€Å"Constitutional and Administrative Law† 13th Ed. Pearson [1] Bentham Manuscripts, University College London, C: Of Torture [2] Twining and Twining ‘Bentham on Torture’ at vol. 4 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly p. 316-318 [3] http://web. amnesty. org/pages/stoptorture-arguments-eng#question15 [4] Per Lord Brown of Eton-Under-Heywood, para. 165, A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [5] No rthern Ireland Legal Quarterly Vol. 24 346-347 [6] For an idea of the proportion of people who consider torture never to be morally justified, see: http://lawofnations. blogspot. com/2005/12/international-survey-on-torture-and. html [7] http://groups. google. com/group/alt. impeach. bush/msg/814527884aa6c904 [8] International Journal of Applied Philosophy 19:2 2005 pp. 179-192

Raisin in the sun essays

Raisin in the sun essays A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry ,is by far one of the best books have read yet. The setting is in the mid-1900's in the Southside of Chicago. The main focus of this book occurs around a poor black family in a poor black community, the Younger's. Hansberry does a great job of using dialect to make the scenes quite realistic and uses quite a bit of symbolism, irony, motifs, and situations that involve making decisions where you become stuck between a rock and a hard place. The book starts off with Walter Younger's obsession with his mother's insurance check so he can become a true entrepeneur and invest in his own liquor store. Since religion played a vital role in Mama's reaction to this sinful act it really damaged Walter's hopes and dreams. Later in the book Mama finally decides to give Walter the money and leaves him with the responsibility of taking care of the family, this is where the rising action begins. Then the climax hits when Walter finds out that the mo ney he gave to his partner is gone. This leaves Walter and the rest of the family in a sudden feeling of disillusionment. Then as things cool down Walter and the rest of the family decide to go ahead and move into the all white neighborhood. The rest of the story is jam packed with racial, religious, economic, and even feministical motifs that aid in the release of all the true tensions in the novel, between characters, which Hansberry purposely relates to the reality of the way society really is. Her purpose for writing this book was to show the way society worked and to make it apparent how hard life was for a poor black family. Overall I really enjoyed this book. It had alot of realistic elements , enough to make the reader stay interested and more. The plot is dramatic and ends ironically. I gave this book 4 stars because it had all the elements of a good book it just did not have the ending I was expecting. I recommend this book t ...

Operations Management and Supply Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Management and Supply Chains - Essay Example This helps to minimize the unnecessary movements of the inventory within the work place which in turn lowers the cost of material handling. This will also eliminate the necessity of having a large space for storing inventory within the firm (CSCMP and Nada, 2014). To successfully lower the inventory as well as the lot size, the firm must always know what it has to produce, when it should produce and the quantity of the product it should produce. This in turn will depend on the demand of the product and a clear knowledge of the amount of raw materials and labor force required. Effective methods of forecasting the demand will help predict the quantity that consumers will need in the long term period. The availability of the required labor will eliminate the necessity of adjusting the operation hours all the time and avoids the possibility of stoppage of work due to inadequate labor. Upon achieving all these important factors then the firm can comfortably order the amount of inventory required for that given period only. For I know the plans I have for you,† says the lord. â€Å"They are plans for good and not for disaster, to give you a future and a hope (Jeremiah 29:11). Another means of lowering inventory and lot size is through proper process and product designs. Through proper designs in the process and the product means that there is less uncertainity in the production process that builds confidence in the workers and ensures that the consumers will accept the products. As a result, it will not be necessary for the firm to maintain additional inventory or lot size to cater for the uncertainties. In addition, good process design will ensure flexibility in the operations hence easy to adjust the system to respond to changes in customer demands and preferences (CSCMP and Nada, 2014). Lean production system aims at maximizing the value that is added by each